Are There More Advantages Than Disadvantages to Living in a House Rather Than in an Apartment?

Many people nowadays face a difficult decision when they buy their own home. The question is whether they should buy a house or an apartment. There would seem to be clear benefits and drawbacks to both options. Perhaps the major advantage of living in a house is the issue of privacy. Typically, there is more opportunity for peace and quiet, if you live in a house. This is particularly the case if it is a detached house. Other significant advantages are that houses are generally more spacious and on the whole have gardens. This is especially important if there is a family so that the children can have a safe environment to play in. If, however, you live in a tower block, then the children may have to play outside on the pavement. There are, of course, negative aspects to living in houses. The greatest of these is that they tend to be more expensive to purchase and to maintain. Indeed, a large majority of people choose to live in apartments because they cannot afford the mortgage to buy a house. Another possible problem is that there are fewer houses in cities than the countryside. So if you like urban life, it may be preferable to live in an apartment. A second reason to avoid living in a house is that there is a greater sense of community to life in an apartment. My conclusion would be that this is a well-balanced issue. There are probably an equal number of pros and cons to making either choice. Ultimately, whether you decide to live in a cottage in the countryside or a duplex in the city depends on your own personality, family and financial circumstances.

A Review of Tom Piazza’s City of Refuge Essay

It was mid-August on a hot summer day hurricane Katrina damaged a city, New Orleans, possibly for a lifetime. The novel: City of Refuge by Tom Piazza gives readers an omniscient point of view of two families lives during this tragic event. The Williams family from the Lower 9th Ward and the Donaldsons originally from the upper Midwest who had made their way to New Orleans share the same traumatic experience; in different ways of the levees breaking from hurricane Katrina changed both of their lives forever. On Friday morning Craig Donaldson saw on the news that Hurricane Katrina had moved into the Gulf, heading in their direction. Craig and Alice, his wife contemplated leaving the following day or the day after for Oxford, Mississippi. Saturday morning started out rocky. Malcolm, their son, woke up with a burning fever. With all of this going on Craig prepared for their evacuation by getting the house in order before Katrina hit on Sunday. Around mid-day they decided to get on the road; unfortunately, the highway was backed up. Craig then decided to take a different route on a two-lane highway; traffic flowed at first but that too got backed up. Due to the extensive amount of traffic and the effects of the storm, they stopped at a hotel. They had wanted to stay with Alice’s parents but there were too many complications of not having enough room space, so her mom says. They waited at the hotel until the weather was clear enough for them to continue driving. Alice’s mother insisted she call her Aunt Jean and Uncle Gus who lived in Chicago. After Alice made the phone call, they decided to make their journey back to the Midwest. When they arrived in Chicago her family presented them with great hospitality and said they could stay as long as they needed. Alice decided to enroll Annie their daughter into school. During this time Alice was still taking care of Malcolm and helping her aunt and uncle around the house. The hurricane took a toll on Craig. One particular day while at his favorite cafe shop called Blue Horizon he noticed everyone appeared to be in a â€Å"happy-go-lucky-mood,† and this began to irritate him. He became upset because everyone took their lives for granted; no one was experiencing what he was going through. Craig became depressed and easily irritated. There would be times where he would take a deep breath and tears would run down his face and he would not know why. He recognized these symptoms and labeled himself as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. He started to accept that his home in New Orleans would never be the same. Alice comforted him during this time, even though she was going through the same experience. After time went on, things started turning from bad to good. Craig received a phone call from his old college friend, Peter. Peter suggested that Craig write a column for the â€Å"CHI EYE†. They felt this would be a good way for Craig to vent and write about his evacuation experience as well as his experiences in Chicago. Peter told Craig he would receive $1000 a week for 1500 words. When Craig received his first check, he took Alice out on a romantic date. As weeks went by Alice settled in Chicago; she secretly started searching for apartments and houses. She looked at Chicago as the place where her growing family lived before they went to New Orleans. Alice enjoyed living back in the Midwest; she did not feel that the damaged city of New Orleans was a good place for her kids, and she did not want to live like an â€Å"urban pioneer† for the rest of her life. She was ready to settle down and New Orleans was not the place for her at the time. Alice brought to Craig’s attention that they could not live in her aunt and uncles attic any longer. She told Craig she was looking into their future by house hunting. Craig took the new information as a stab in the back. He felt hurt and betrayed by his wife because she did not want to move back to New Orleans. Craig felt that their family might not be able to make it during this rough time. He contemplated on whether he should leave and return back to what he called home (New Orleans) and break up the family or stay for the kids’ sake and feel like a disintegrate parent. Craig and Alice sat together and started expressing their feelings about how they felt on their current living situation. The heart to heart conversation made him realize he was making the wrong decision for his family. He was caught between starting a new life and returning to their old one. They both experienced self-knowledge during this time and achieved a new basis for themselves. They both realized that they were experiencing the same struggle, stress, and both wanted to be a happy. Although Alice had her opinion of New Orleans, she did miss the town but deep down Craig also wanted to start a new life. Craig has come to accept the idea of walking away from New Orleans; he saw how his friend, Bobby, experienced difficulty letting New Orleans go. Bobby and Jen, friends of the Donaldsons, became defensive when they heard Craig did not want to return to New Orleans because of Alice and their kids and also Alice’s concerns for the overall city. Craig tried to explain from Alice’s point of view why they should not return so that Bobby and Jen would understand. Craig and Bobby had different perspectives on the situation and completely different life styles. Bobby and Jen needed to realize that this was not a safe environment for Craig and Alice’s kids. They remained friends even with their new life differences. Craig returned to New Orleans acknowledging a new perspective; the importance of why he loved the city remained during Mardi Gras.

Not Just Entertainment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not Just Entertainment - Assignment Example A main topic of colonization seemed to be a dominant issue in several of the films. Female oppression and gender categorization was another situation discussed in several of the films. Cultural traditions and beliefs were intertwined throughout many of the films as each group practiced traditions in various ways from Western culture and traditions. Some cultural traditions have made their way into Western society as people have immigrated to Europe, America, Canada, and South America. Traditions that seemed acceptable by the mainstream society were openly practiced, while others were kept confidential because of their unacceptable practices (WHO, 1996). The film Keita carried the issue of education by the government to be the most important part of a young person’s life (Kouyate, 1995). In comparison to mainstream cinema, Brooks (1955) depicted how education is handled in an inner city all boys school in the film titled Blackboard Jungle. In La Bataille d’Alger the rule s the government were placing on the people were portrayed as the only acceptable way of life, even though the people of Algiers had their own traditions and beliefs that they had been practicing for generations (Pontecorvo, 1966). The comparison to how the Indians were treated by the government in the film titled Dances with Wolves is not much different. One group is trying to coerce the other group into something that is not wanted (Costner, 1990). The traditions in the film Moolaade that had been carried out for generations were being questioned and dismissed by some, while completely supported by other members of the community (Sembene, 2004). The oppression of women was depicted in a similar fashion, but not to the extreme in the film Maid in Manhattan (Wang, 2002). In each of these films, one group was trying to force another group to accept something that was different from the other group or individual’s belief. The similarities and differences can be determined in th e opinion of the viewer. Many mainstream films are created for and considered entertainment, while African cinema seemed to expose oppression, injustices, and real world experiences that may have remained hidden knowledge from the rest of the world. The function and art of the traditional griot portrayed in the film Keita was the teaching of the youth of the community through stories passed down through generations (Kouyate, 1995). It was the griot’s responsibility to make sure that everyone learned the history and origin of their family and community. A comparison between the African filmmakers and the griot could be that both have a job to disseminate the truth about the history and traditions of a community according to the culture and beliefs of that people. The difference between the filmmakers and the griot is that the filmmakers try to provide different opinions of the situation and allow for the view to decide how to interpret the outcome of the film. A griot taught t he story from knowledge passed down from generations and allowed the person being told the story to choose their own beliefs, without providing any other scenarios or versions of the story (Kouyate, 1995). A good example of the opposing views of a story from a filmmaker is provided in La Bataille d’Alger. In this film, the police were shown as one way and the script was written to

Scottsdale Journey Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scottsdale Journey Stories - Essay Example Scottsdale is one of the cities found within the state of Arizona and has a population of over 200,000 people according to the 2010 data sourced from the United States census bureau. Scottsdale is also known as the desert version of Miami due to the similarity it has with the south beach and the numerous partying found within this locality. The city of Scottsdale is believed to have been originally occupied by the Hohokam, a culture that belongs to the pre-historic era according to archeological information. The city of Scottsdale has for long organized the Scottsdale arts festival, an event that showcases the cultural and art gallery of the state to demonstrate the heritage of the city. The Scottsdale has also been ranked as the best in arts culture festival event in the United States according to the American style magazine. A section of Scottsdale hosts a number of art galleries leries and museums that are open to the public to enable them appreciate the tradition of the city.Jour ney stories are a Smithsonian exhibition that is used to tell the story of the evolution and growth of a nation. These stories are used to illustrate the thrill of travel as well the problems that one can meet while travelling through the different parts of the United States. In this paper, the journey story of the city of Scottsdale in Arizona will be conducted according to the Smithsonian exhibition. The journey stories have been used to tell us the progress that was made in the development of America to illuminate the heritage and the diversity of our people. It provides a better picture of how the American transport and communication system was built and the struggles the characterized the building of a nation (Higgins 34). The journey story of the city of Scottsdale seeks to highlight the tales of the ancestor and how they moved to America from their original lands. The journey story to Scottsdale explores the major connections in the city which can be associated with the Smith sonian’s journey stories. This area has for long been considered as the center of migration within the state of Arizona due to the numerous transportation and crossroad networks within the state. The trails, roads, railways, highways and the air transport networks within the city have provided a lot of business opportunity for the people of Scottsdale. The city is also characterized b y economic prosperity, religious freedom and opportunities for thrilling adventures (Bennett 43). The Scottsdale public arts exhibition has been used for several years to show the historical background and cultural heritage of the city. In this exhibition conducted in partnership with the Scottsdale public library, the educational and cultural riches of the city are made available and open to the public for viewing. These programs have been used to create public awareness of the art and increase public interest towards the cultural developments that have been witnessed in the city (Higgins 24). In this journey across the city of Scottsdale, the magnificent roads, rail network and the tradition prehistoric sites will be visited to provide a clear picture of the city today and in the past. The Scottsdale seen today that is characterized by a number of skyscrapers was not present a century ago and this progress in the development of proper housing structure began with the struggles of the forefathers. The town of Arizona has fences built around different homes and buildings, a feature to highlight the need for security to protect our homes and villages. These fences are made from decorative structures which form part of the beautiful landscape that we see today in different parts of the city (Farquhar 2). The kolaces, the spaetzle and the perogie that is a common diet for most of the people around the city of Scottsdale has a tradition background with this place. The culture of the old Scottsdale has thus influenced the eating habits of the present Scottsdale. The recipes, me nus and the ceremonies

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Due to the diverse nature of the roles played by the human resources department of any organizations the unit could consist of several individuals based on their career roles. Recruiting and placement manager are in charge of sourcing for the right candidates to serve in the organization (Mathis & Jackson, 2008). This is mainly done through advertising for available positions, conducting the selection process through interviewing and making an employment decision based on the evaluation of shortlisted candidates (Mathis & Jackson, 2008). A development and training specialist are in charge of orientation for new employees in the roles, they are expected to play in the organization. They also analyze employee performance to identify any deficits. The feedback obtained in applied in planning, coordinating and conducting training for capacity building (Mathis & Jackson, 2008). A career as a compensation and benefits specialist involves providing legal information to employees and the company on labor organization regulations in terms of employee remunerations, benefits offered, and compensations recommended. They are in charge of wages and salaries administration. Strategic planning based on company performance and growth projections is done to evaluate the ability of available resources to sustain the set targets. Health, safety and security specialist ensures that the HR department is informed of current employee working conditions in the organization and possible improvement to create an environment that motivate opt imal productivity (Mathis & Jackson, 2008). For effective performance of the HR department, a strategic plan is essential since it links the HR management to the organization overall strategic planning (Armstrong, 2011). It guides future decisions in integrating HR strategies towards meeting the organization mission and vision while sustaining the needs of employees and other stakeholders (Armstrong, 2011). This plan ensures

How plants communicate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How plants communicate - Essay Example They adopt measures that control the resources in the environment, perceive themselves and distinguish between non-self and self thus enabling them to protect their territory. They would process the information and evaluate it and consequently modify their behaviour appropriately. These competencies indicate parallel communication processes in the body of plants, referred to as intraorganismic; between different and same species, referred to as interorganismic; and between plants and their non-plant counterparts, referred to as transorganismic (Witzany, 2010). Intraorganismic communication entails sign-mediated interactions between cells and within cells, referred to as intercellular and intracellular respectively. Intercellular communication processes particularly coordinate growth and development, dynamics and shape, allowing plants to differentially react to physiological influences and developmental status. Witzany and Baluska (2012) observe that finding meaning functions of sign alling molecules would be pegged on coherently investigating interactional patterns where signalling occurs. In these interactions, there would be active coordination and organization of various ordered steps conveyed by signs. These signs encompass a wide array of physical influences and chemical substances. According to Witzany (2010), these chemical molecules used as signs function as memory media, information carriers, messenger substances and signals. With different biotic and abiotic influences, there would be need for different behaviours which determine the set of signs in a given genera, family or species of plants and their production, combination and transportation. Therefore, different communicative processes would be executed with same chemical molecules thus optimizing energy cost. Foraging and Movement in Plants Plants are known to move in response to physical stimuli. Sensitive legumes would fold their leaflets when disturbed by insects with neighbouring leaves foldi ng up upon being wounded. Adler (2011) cites some tropical legumes which lower leaves during heavy but not light rains or alighting insects, a response that accelerates the drying up of the leaf surface. Carnivorous plants would rapidly catch insects and trigger hairs that would take up the meal. These responses in plants could be attributed to osmotic changes in the concentration of ions, action potentials, electrical signals and turgor, compared to actinmyosin system in animals. Through circumnutation, plant organs would undergo subtle movements at their elongation axes, explaining directed and conspicuous movement of plants in response to gravity, light and similar stimuli, thus capturing the required resources (Witzany 2006). Through morphological plasticity, plants efficiently forage for light. Karban (2008) observes that vertical shoots would branch more and elongate less in adequate lighting as opposed to those in limited light. Witzany (2010) further indicates that light tra nsmitted through leaves would have a lower red: far red than unfiltered illumination ratio. Roots would be more abundant in soils with higher nutrients in an attempt to increase the acquisition of resources. Bais, Park, Weir, Callaway, and Vivanco (2004) refer to the underground with densely populated roots which face competition for water, mineral nutrients and space from invading neighbouring root systems as the rhizosphere. Mating and Germination Other than acquisition for resources, plants’ reproductive behaviours show how they respond to environmental cues. Plants that do not get pollinated respond by increasing

Chinese Economic Reforms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese Economic Reforms - Research Paper Example The agreement presents significant competitive opportunities in the financial sector." (Ostry, et.al., 2003). As the Chinese economy continues to growopens up and competes with other industrialized economies, around the world, effective market and monetary policies and objectives demand close attention. Sustainable growth of the economy will be possible if viable macro and micro economic policies are in place and take into account such variables such as inflation objectives, flexibility of lending institutions in the face of changing interest rates, rate of credit growth, continuing economic reforms and exchange rates. The dissertation will first examine Chinese economic reform and compile a body of literature offering objective analysis of key elements of the reform process, with a bias towards monetary policies, exchange rates and inflation. This work aims toe sole significance of this endeavor is to investigate unearth the main economic reforms and monetary policiescardinal arteries informing and shaping the Chinese economic status especially in regard to short term and long term inflation and exchange rates. Secondly, the dissertation will examine the monetary policies adopted by PBC in controlling inflation and exchange rates. ... Theory1 The monetarist theory posits that mismanagement of the primary cause of inflation is how the money in supply is the primary cause of inflation. is managed. Inflation can also be linked toPrincipally, the cause of inflation is pegged on the flexibility of the lending process. As such, inflation will largely depend to a large extent, on how flexible or inflexible the lending institutions are and the levels of interest rates levels as well. Monetarists do no't believe that fiscal policies and taxation have very as having little effect on to do with controlling inflation control (Paul, 2000). Mathematicallaccording to the my, monetarists' theory, a product of the total value of money in circulation and the velocity of the money is directly proportional to the product of the average price level and the index of the real values of expenditures. expounds that M.V=P.Q In the formula: M is the total value of money in circulation, V is the velocity of money, P is the average price level and Q is the index of the real values of expenditures. Key highlights: a) the average price level is a variable influenced by the magnitude of economic activities(Q), total value of money(M), and the velocity of money(V) b) The key influencing variable of prices level is fluctuations in the amount of money available. c) If the velocity of money is constant (though in reality it is not possible) , the supply of money will determine value of nominal output. d) Assuming that the velocity of money is fairly constant, then the level of inflation will be equal to the difference between long run growth rate of money supply and long run growth rate of real

Care of Patient with Rigth Hip replacement surgery(postop to Essay

Care of Patient with Rigth Hip replacement surgery(postop to discharge) - Essay Example Mobilization out of bed depends on the surgeon and may start on first day. Bed exercises such as quadriceps contraction and ankle exercises are encouraged for enhanced circulation. Routine chest physiotherapy1 is given to prevent chest complications. The procedures on the second day of operation include walking to the bathroom with the help of a walker. The patient should be gradually ambulated to walk with crutches and taught special maneuvers to ease daily activities like climbing stairs. Following hip operations, the catheter should remain in situ for two days and the patient is well advised to use bedpan for his elimination needs. These post operative procedures may limit your activities, are rather inconvenient and may feel troublesome. After surgery, Surgeons and nurses do several things to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the veins of the patients legs. If they do form, this can lead to increased swelling in the legs. If the clots break loose they may travel to the patients' lungs and interfere with breathing. To avoid such complications, before the surgery, the nurse will apply elastic stockings to help prevent blood from pooling in the patients' legs. The surgical team may place the patient on either aspirin or Coumadin to thin blood to reduce the risk of clot formation.

Companies Go Global, But Many Managers Just Don't Travel Well Article

Companies Go Global, But Many Managers Just Don't Travel Well - Article Example The article looks at the sentiments of managers from other countries and their opinions of the American manager. What comes out clearly is that the American manger is perceived to be extremely successful. This is as a result of the combinations of various factors. They are in many instances deemed as nonglobal people. This means that they do not take time to understand the culture, language or mannerisms of the people that they are conducting business. The American managers have engrossed themselves in a culture of â€Å"they know it best†. They have an attitude of things being done their way or no way at all. Despite all this, they are ranked as the most powerful managers running powerful, and extremely sophisticated organizations. The author of the article states simply that the American manager could do much for the organization that he or she represents. This is through adherence to a strict global outlook that makes the entire globe eager to conduct business with the Amer icans. Any American manager wanting to break ground in the new territory should understand the region has its own climate. This means that they have policies, rules, regulations, language, religion, mode of expression and a strict sense of a culture that units them. They should understand that they have a unique business acumen that represents them as a globe or country. The way to succeed in such a country is by adhering to the people’s way of life at all times. The act of management should encompass what the employees of that region expect of their manager. This means that if an American country wants to appeal to clients in an Islamic nation, it has to adhere to certain basic Islamic concepts. The employees should have a separate area where they can hold their prayer sessions as per Islam Laws.

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

Translation and Technology Essay Contents 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided translation tools Standards for data interchange Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods General frameworks for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 Recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with speech technology. Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The localization industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships between topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index  93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 Classification of translation types Machine translation model Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided machine translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model Example of sentence representations Holmes’ schema of translation studies A schema of  applied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an English SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish machine translation output Example of natural and controlled languages. Example of original English text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process using a machine translation system Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations. Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix  7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2 Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems. Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word ‘round’ Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMX  data-sharing Example of a header in TMX Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation. Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology Speech technology in translation. 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67. List of Figures, Tables and Boxes  xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20 Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for ‘bow’ Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools. Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups  and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools. Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools. 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors’ Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of other languages a less compelling commodity. On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of many recent social, political and economic developments; these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising awareness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened awareness of linguistic and human rights. Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a career in which they are able to further their interest in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional. Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, particularly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media. The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the context of modern media such as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding areas of research in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, especially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies. As a result, the first aim of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors’ Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline. Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This book would have taken more time to complete if it had not been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on helping to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7. I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help. I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright material in this book: John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1; Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2; John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc. for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2; Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI Malay–English dictionary entry in Chapter 3; Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4; Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4; Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6; Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv. To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my ‘sifu’ and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffee–biscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding due to my ‘country-hopping’ from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations. ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG Terminology of Telecommunications European Association of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language Translator Japanese to English Automatic. Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne d’Evaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Center of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar Technical English Chinese University. Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii. ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. European Terminology Database Aerospace  and Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure d’EVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe d’Etude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive. Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data Consortium Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine. Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of Abbreviations  MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted. Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information Retrieval Machine Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent. Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation. Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a l’Universite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies: Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix. WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language. This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources. The majority of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed. Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best; they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology. While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems. As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems. Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, an abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation. However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for; in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters. An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types – fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation – first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book. The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined. This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories – known as ‘formalisms’ in natural-language processing – especially in the design of machine translation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called ‘controlled language’ is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as ‘architectures’. The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory. The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so ‘standards for data interchange’ have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed. In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation: human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe. The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech. This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken. Another form of technology called the ‘Semantic Web’ that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry. The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology. Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book. It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way. This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia. Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent; at the time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ machine translation (MT); machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT); human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT); computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT); machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT); fully automatic high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear. For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it ‘machine-aided translation’ (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, ‘computer-aided translation’ is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term ‘aided’ is chosen instead of ‘assisted’, as also in ‘human-aided machine translation’ and ‘machine-aided human translation’. Figure 1.  1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992: 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation; CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source: Classification of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992): 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003: 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear. Both classes are considered to be computer-aided translation as indicated in Figure 1. 1 (Tong 1994: 4,730; see also Slocum 1988; Hutchins and Somers 1992). However, in Schadek and Moses (2001), a different classification has been proposed where only machine-aided human translation is viewed as synonymous with computer-aided translation. Human-aided machine translation is considered as a separate category. The reasoning behind the view offered by Schadek and Moses is not difficult to understand. At least theoretically, the difference between the two is obvious. For human-aided machine translation, the machine is the principal translator, while in machine-aided human translation it is a human. In practice, however, it may be less easy today to draw a distinguishable boundary between them. The blurring of boundaries is further complicated when human-aided machine translation is considered as a subclass of machine translation, an approach chosen by Chellamuthu (2002). Since human-aided machine translation has 8 Translation and Technology the machine as the principal translator –

A Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Was Indicated Nursing Essay

A Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Was Indicated Nursing Essay Cholecystitis is defined as an inflammation of the gallbladder caused most commonly by the obstruction of the cystic duct Bloom et al., 2012. The gallbladder is a small organ located under the liver that plays a major role in the digestion of fat (Balentine, 2012). Normally bile and digestive enzymes pass out of the gallbladder on their way to the small intestine. If this flow becomes blocked, it will build up inside the gallbladder, causing swelling, upper abdominal pain, and gallstones resulting in liver dysfunction (Bloom et al, 2012; Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Gallstones are solid particles that are formed from bile (Balentine, 2012). Common risk factors in the formation of gallstones include being female of childbearing age, overweight, certain medications such as birth control pills or statins, rapid weight loss, poor dietary habits and pregnancy (Ali, Cahill, Watson, 2004; Balentine, 2012; Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Gallstones can block the outflow of bile and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. If this blockage persists, the gallbladder can become inflamed causing cholecystitis (Balentine, 2012). The initial treatment of cholecystitis includes bowel rest, intravenous hydration, analgesia and antibiotics (Bloom et al., 2012). Outpatient management may be suitable however if surgical treatment is indicated, laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the gold standard of care (Bignell et al., 2011; Chowbey et al., 2010; Farkas et al, 2012; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). In the diagnostic process for surgical interventions an ultrasound scan may be performed however magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) is the diagnostic preference for gallstones (Mackillop Williamson, 2010). MRCP is a non-invasive technique used for viewing the bile and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Mackillop Williamson, 2010). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires gas to be administered into the peritoneal cavity and thus routinely requires general anaesthesia with intubation (Sherwinter, 2011). The advantage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy results from preserving the integrity of the abdominal wall which reduces operative trauma and complications. It also has been shown to have a greater recovery time decreases postoperative pain and the need for postoperative analgesia, shortens hospital stay and returns the patient to full activity within 1 week (Sherwinter, 2011; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). For the operation anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl, midazolam, propfol and rocuronium. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. Anaesthesia was maintained with a propofol infusion accompanied with a nitrous oxide and oxygen ventilation. Mrs Smith was also given 4mg of ondansetron before the end of surgery for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting and was administered bupivacaine into all trocar wound sites. At the conclusion of the surgery Mrs Smith was administered glycopyrrolate and neostigmine to antagonize the residual neuromuscular blockage and pain relief was given via fentanyl pain protocol. After induction of anaesthesia Mrs Smith was positioned in the reverse Trendelenberg with the right side of the table elevated. Abdominal insufflation was achieved with CO2 and intra-abdominal pressure was maintained at approximately 13 mm Hg (Gupta et al., 2007; Shora et al., 2008; Tsimoyiannis et al., 2009). Intra operative monitoring included electroencephalogram (EEG), pulse oximetry, blood pressure and heart rate via arterial line, and temperature (MacKay, Sleigh, Voss Barnard, 2010; Shora et al., 2008) One clinical issue related to Mrs Smiths perioperative care is strategies to avoid wrong-site surgery. Safe surgery is a world-wide recognised issue (WHO, 2009). Healthcare and surgical care provision encompass such a degree of variation and complexity that it involves an increased risk of errors (Weiser et al., 2010). These increased risks are due to multifaceted issues of human error where there is a breakdown in communication or processes (Brady, 2009). The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is designed to enhance both communication and teamwork and to safeguard that healthcare professionals deliver evidence based patient care (Anderson 2009). The surgical safety checklist identifies three phases of an operation; the sign in time out and sign out. Each point corresponds to a specific period in the normal flow of work. A checklist coordinator, usually the circulating nurse, ensures that the surgical team has completed the listed tasks before continuing onto the next phase (WHO, 2008) The sign in period is before the induction of anaesthesia (WHO, 2008). This is where the patient confirms to operating room staff, their identity, type and site of operation (in their own words), and confirms their approval for the procedure by acknowledging their signature on the consent form. The anaesthesia safety check is also completed within this phase. This check asks questions relating to allergies, make-up or nail polish, dentures or prosthesis, time bladder last emptied and the time that the last food and fluid where consumed. It likewise checks identification band, and whether the operative site has been marked by doctor (Queensland Health, 2011). The sign in phase allows for the checklist to not merely be a to do list. It ensures that important safety identifiers have been checked and collated correctly (Karl, 2009). It permits a logical and systematic approach aligning with the organizations values, highlighting patient safety and recognising individual roles in ensuring patient safety within the multidisciplinary partnership. This phase also emphasises an institutions regulatory requirements that essentially improves patient care (Conley et al, 2011). The second phase is the time out. This occurs before skin incision (WHO, 2008). Operating staff actively confirm differing team members roles. The surgeon, anaesthesia professional and nurse verbally confirm the patient, type and site of the operation to be performed and visually check for a valid consent. For the nursing team it is also a time to review sterility and equipment (WHO, 2008). Brady (2009) reports that wrong site surgery is the second highest among all sentinel events recorded. He attributes faulty communication and organizational culture as factors contributing to sentinel events and endorses strategies such as surgical safety checklists, that increase the effectiveness of team functioning. The third phase of sign out is initiated before the patient leaves the operating room (WHO, 2008). The checklist coordinator confirms with the team the name of the procedure recorded, that the surgical count is correct, the specimen is labelled accurately and if there were any equipment problems needing to be addressed (WHO, 2008). This period again emphasises improved communication among surgical team members and thus quality of care (WHO, 2012). According to Kao and Thomas (2008, as cited in Jones, 2011) surgical errors such as wrong site surgery can be attributed to individuals as opposed to one individual. By this constant communication and clarification at certain time periods throughout an operation demonstrates improved communication where potential risks where minimised (Jones, 2011). Jones (2011) also claims that with the WHO checklist, interaction between team members have improved and potential risks minimised. Surgical safety checklists not only improve communication and teamwork, but also improve understanding of each others roles (Bell, 2010). This strategy can achieve massive reductions in complications and studies indicate that a checklist works because it is more than just a tick sheet. With the effective adoption it generally requires local system changes and a commitment to teamwork for safety (WHO, 2012). Checklists are acknowledged as an organised system for a safe ending to a task. Research has suggested that at least half of all surgical errors are avoidable (Weiser et al (2010). If used properly the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, through effective teamwork and communication will result in the right patient, having the right procedure, at the right time in the right area (Donaldson 2008). Sherwinter, D. A. (2011). Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1582292-overview Queensland Health (2011). Perioperative Patient Record. Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/psq/pathways/docs/pre-op-check-a3-11.pdf

International Soccers Influence on Diplomatic, Social, and Political R

To what extent has international soccer influenced the world politically and socially? This research question will be investigated using different books pertaining to the subject. The investigation will cover the impacts of soccer in the 1930s during the First World War, the 1940s during the Second World War and the 1970s during the Cold War. The effect of soccer on a country’s nationalism will be researched as well. Soccer had a great impact on people’s lives socially; it gave people hope when in a time of need. It did not matter whether there was a war going on, or if there were prisoners in camps, soccer was a popular activity to help people survive in the hardest of times. Soccer had a great impact on the world politically as well. Many dictators used soccer to show the power of their nation and prove that their nation is better than another. There was friendly competition and competition that caused great hostility. In conclusion, soccer has affected the world politically and socially. This sport has caused intense nationalistic views and has brought countries together. Even though soccer has brought countries together, the game has driven countries away from each other just like what happened in Germany in the 1974 World Cup when East and West Germany played against each other. Soccer has helped people and hurt people, and has had an influence on people’s lives. Throughout history, soccer has had a noticeable impact on the world. Sports in general created a sense of nationalism in nations, soccer especially, it being a more popular sport where there is international competition across the world. â€Å"Although soccer boomed in the 1920s, in the 1930s it swept all before it as the most popular game throughout most of Europe... ...occer game was even said to have caused a war. The game of soccer also has a large impact on both the World Wars as well as the Cold War. Dictators, such as Mussolini have supported soccer in their nation to promote their nation, which in return boosted their reputation. Soccer has been compared to a war because the importance of different games and how the outcome can define a nation. Works Cited Goldblatt, David. "Goldblatt, David. The Ball Is Round." New York: Penguin Group, 2008. Print. Murray, Bill. "The World's Game: A HISTORY OF SOCCER." Urbana, Illinois: n.p., 1998. Print. Kapuscinski, Ryszard. â€Å"Soccer War 1969.† N.p., 1969. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. http://libcom.org/library/soccer-war-1969-el-salvador-honduras-kapuscinski Walvin, James. The Only Game: Football in Our Times. Great Britain: Pearson Educated, 2002. Print.

Video Games: I Hate Loving Them :: Essays Papers

Video Games: I Hate Loving Them I love video games. I love them, and I have no idea why. I will never forget the first time I played the original Nintendo Entertainment System as a child. I was quite young, and I had accompanied my mother and sisters to visit my mother’s family in Ohio. Their town was quite small, and being used to the constant distraction of the city, I found the whole situation to be rather void of entertainment. This was until I was invited to the neighbor’s house, where lived a young boy about my age. I was led to his room, where I discovered something that appeared to be quite magical. Sitting on the edge of his bed, a few feet from a television he sat, holding a controller. Understand that at this point in my life I was certainly no stranger to video games; they were typically black and white and usually entailed navigating a little square man through swarms of little square foes and ultimately to a some sort of goal, which was usually also square. This game I witnesse d was nothing like that. I watched the boy control a little man as he battled fierce walking mushrooms and flying turtles in a quest to save a princess. We played for hours upon hours until it was time for me to leave, at which point the controller had to be nearly ripped from my hands. That day was the beginning of an addiction which not only myself but the majority of America’s youth would soon embrace: electronic gaming. Video games have come a very long way since their inception. Gone are the days of squares battling squares. Modern video games entail remarkably realistic players in three dimensional environments which are sometimes so vast that the players can literally get lost. Today’s games require years of development, and as many gamers will argue, are more fun than ever. Perhaps, however, they’re a little too fun. Electronic gaming has become so vastly popular that in the year 2000, eighty-four percent of overall teens played electronic games regularly (Walsh). As video games become more and more main stream, they have become the topic of much criticism. While some argue that there are some positive effects of electronic gaming, overall, video games are far more detrimental than beneficial; they offer little or no good to those who play, and are a colossal waste of time.

Police Public Relations vs. Community-Police Relations Essay

Differences Between Police Public Relations Programs and Police-Community Relations Programs Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs are similar in many ways, but not are not identical or interchangeable, according to Barker, and Hunter in 2011. Police-Community Relations is a philosophy of police administration, which seeks to involve community and police in ongoing decision making concerning policies which impact both. Police Public Relations programs involve broader and more complex goals than Police-Community relations programs. One purpose of public relations programs is to develop and maintain a productive working environment for police departments to operate within, through informing the public about why officers and departments do what they do, and by enhancing their own public image as primarily community helpers and first responders, worthy of the public respect and cooperation that is necessary for police operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Programs strive to influence the following factions: the pubic in order to gain support; politicians, in order to gain funding; and staff, in order to gain consistency in operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Police-Community Relations programs, however, are aimed towards integration of community groups and police organizations into partnerships focused on combating both criminal and social problems (Barker & Hunter, 2011). These programs determine types of services, implementation of programs, potential problem areas, and problem solving mechanisms (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Activities and processes of Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs contrast as well. Police Public Relations program activities are standardized, repetitive, predictable, controllable, routinized, specialized, and agency oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Information flows toward public only. Police-Community Relations programs must be flexible, reflexive, adaptable, and community oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2014). Extent of departmental involvement varies with both, however, agency breadth is narrow, compartmentalized, and specialized with Police Public Relations programs, and cross divisional with Police-Community Relations programs. The City of Durham Public Relations Office in North Carolina, through a senior public affairs specialist, provides information to citizens about departmental activities , functioning through â€Å"community relations/special events, media relations, employee/internal communications and marketing  communications†, and offers National Night Out Observance, a Ride Along Program, a Citizens Academy, and external projects, which educate the public and enhance community-police relations, according to the City of Durham website. It meets the definition for a Police Public Relations program, since information flows in one direction, and the program is agency-oriented, specialized, and has events that repeat annually, according to the following website : http://durhamnc.gov/ich/op/DPD/Pages/PRUnit.aspx Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations, according to the Charlotte website, seeks â€Å"to develop trust and communications between officers and citizens†, working closely wi th Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, utilizing a Police Complaint Review program, which addresses police misconduct and a Police-Community Relations Award program, recognizing 32 citizen groups and officers, who have made significant contributions to police-community relations. It meets the definition for a Police-Community Relations program, since information flows both towards, and from citizens, and the program focuses on the police-community relationship, and is community-oriented. References: Barker, T., Hunter, R.. ( 2011). Police Community Relations and the Administration of Justice, 8th ed, Prentice Hall: Saddle River.

How Is Romeo and Juliet Relationship Presented

One of the play’s most consistent visual motifs is the contrast between light and dark, often in terms of night/day imagery. Need Evidence! This contrast is not given a particular metaphoric meaning—light is not always good, and dark is not always evil. On the contrary, light and dark are generally used to provide a sensory contrast and to hint at opposed alternatives. One of the more important instances of this motif is Romeo’s lengthy meditation on the sun and the moon during the balcony scene, in which Juliet, metaphorically described as the sun, is seen as banishing the â€Å"envious moon† and transforming the night into day (2. . 46). A similar blurring of night and day occurs in the early morning hours after the lovers’ only night together. Romeo, forced to leave for exile in the morning, and Juliet, not wanting him to leave her room, both try to pretend that it is still night, and that the light is actually darkness: â€Å"More light and light, more dark and dark our woes† (3. 5. 36) The Inevitability of Fate In its first address to the audience, the Chorus states that Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"star-crossed†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is to say that fate (a power often vested in the movements of the stars) controls them (Prologue. ). This sense of fate permeates the play, and not just for the audience. The characters also are quite aware of it: Romeo and Juliet constantly see omens. When Romeo believes that Juliet is dead, he cries out, â€Å"Then I defy you, stars,† completing the idea that the love between Romeo and Juliet is in opposition to the decrees of destiny (5. 1. 24). Of course, Romeo’s defiance itself plays into the hands of fate, and his determination to spend eternity with Juliet results in their deaths. The mechanism of fate works in all of the events surrounding the lovers: the feud between their families (it is worth noting that this hatred is never explained; rather, the reader must accept it as an undeniable aspect of the world of the play); the horrible series of accidents that ruin Friar Lawrence’s seemingly well-intentioned plans at the end of the play; and the tragic timing of Romeo’s suicide and Juliet’s awakening. These events are not mere coincidences, but rather manifestations of fate that help bring about the unavoidable outcome of the young lovers’ deaths. The concept of fate described above is the most commonly accepted interpretation. There are other possible readings of fate in the play: as a force determined by the powerful social institutions that influence Romeo and Juliet’s choices, as well as fate as a force that emerges from Romeo and Juliet’s very personalities. Link this to Friar Lawernce! STRUCTURE -briefly answer the question awhat the relationship is like, what sort of impression you get of the relationship. Second paragraph)-Context- write about how men/women were supposed to behave when the plays were written a how is this reflected in the text? (this bit is essential for Band 4/5). How do you think an audience might have responded to the relationship when the play was first performed? How might a modern audienceas response be different? (Third paragraph)- How language reveals the relationship- select 3 or 4 key examples of words that reveal to you the relationship a might be a simile /metaphor that has be en used or a striking phrase/word. Try to select them from the different scenes you are focusing on. For each make sure you analyse how the word/phrase suggests ideas about the relationship, not just what it suggests. (Fourth paragraph)- How structure reveals the relationship- think in particular about the relationship changes as the play progresses- analyze how Shakespeare shows the relationship changing as the play goes on. (Fifth paragraph)- How dramatic techniques reveal the relationship- this might include: the setting; actions; stage directions. Try to find one or two examples Shakespeare presents Romeo & Juliet's early relationship as a love-hate affair. By this I mean that although they love each other immensely, they are surrounded by the hate of their two families Arranged marriages were very common at the time depending on your social status and love had no meaning. At the time marrying at the age of 12 appeared to be normal, however now is frowned at.

“Of Mice and Men” A comparison between the book and film Essay

The similarity between the book and the film â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is most evident. Even so, there are a few differences, some insignificant and other crucial. However, in the majority of the scenes, the dialogs are taken literally from the book. The first difference appears in the introduction of the film. The book starts by describing the surrounding landscape of the Salinas Valley where Lennie and George spend the night by the river. We learn that Lennie is mentally challenged and how this affected their stay at the farm where they previously worked. The film starts, however, by showing Lennie and George escaping from this farm and their journey to Salinas Valley. Another difference that I noticed is concerning Curley’s wife. In the book there is a scene where Lennie, Candy and Crooks are gathered in Crooks’ room. After a while, Curley’s wife emerges and the atmosphere becomes unpleasant. Crooks finds the courage to stand up against her, and when he does, she verbally breaks him down. In the movie this scene never takes place, and by eliminating this incident Curley’s wife’s destructive nature stays unrevealed. The scene where George is about to shoot Lennie is also different in the film than in the book. In the book this episode is long and George has a hard time shooting Lennie. I get the impression that George is hesitating and unsure if this is the right thing to do. In the film the scene is much shorter and George appears considerably more secure . The movie ends with a scene where George and Lennie work together on the little farm that they where planning to buy. This is not in the book at all. Other scenes that were left out in the movie:The scene where Lennie has hallucinations about a giant rabbit and his aunt Clara. The scene after George has killed Lennie. In the book Slim comforts George by taking him for a drink. And the scene where Candy comes into the room when Lennie and Crooks are talking about the little farm they are buying. In the film Crooks never finds out about the little farm. In my opinion both the film and the book has its flaws. In the film some crucial scenes are removed, but I thought that the characters in the movie were better than in the book. In the book, I liked neither George nor Lennie. I got the impression that George was a sensitive and kind man. He always watched over Lennie and tried do the right thing. In the film George is everything he is in the book, but he is also a wise man who people can seek advice from. He has an inquisitive and contemplating look about him. I also liked Lennie better in the movie. In the book he was just a mentally challenged character, but in the film he becomes a person with real feelings and I understand his actions on another level. I believe that this would be a better film if they had shortened it. It seems to me that the film is an unnecessarily prolonged version of the book. On the other hand, taking to many liberties when adapting this modern classic into a film would not be a smart thing to do.. Even so, I still think that the filmmakers should have left out some insignificant scenes. The story however, is brilliant; the irony in the end where George kills Lennie out of love, how the story is composed of four major issues,(the value of dreams and goals, moral responsibility, social injustice, and the bond of friendship and loyalty,) and how loneliness is one of the main emotions. The story is brilliant and genius, and only an outstanding writer like John Stenbeck can create a masterpiece like this.

MR Assessed Task

Please remember the suggested times are only a guide and each learner will work at their own pace. However, please try not to spend 2 hours on a task which should take 30 minutes. Don't forget you can find a breakdown of the learning outcomes and assessment criteria relating to each task in the qualification specification or in your EDI portfolio. There is just one task for this unit which should be completed at the start.Assessment for the rest of the unit, learning outcomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 will be cover as direct observations assessed in the work place and will be on-going, as reflection on practice and personal development is a large part of working with children and this qualification. Task. 1. 1 Write a job description Of your work role, this can be a list of things you do with a brief explanation. (20-30 minutes) 1. 2 Link each item on the list to the relevant standards.If you ark with under as this will be the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYES), safeguarding and welfare require ments. (45 -60 minutes) You can use a table format or a piece of writing. As you work your way through the course you should keep a personal development plan. The plan should record development objectives, how you will achieve these objectives and time scales for review. It should also show how you have agreed these objectives and with whom. A downloaded template is provided for your use.

Homework Essay

Chapter 5 1. Describe how we measure the clinical performance of an HCO as a whole? For example, can you aggregate good performance in cardiology and poor performance in obstetrics, and say â€Å"overall, performance is average†? It depends on how measurement is being done. If a scorecard is used, yes the performance could be aggregated. However, the book mentions moving the departments off the scorecard that do not need improvements and focusing on the departments that aren’t doing well or need improvement in certain areas. Scorecards are beneficial in showing overall performance but can also be evaluated to see which departments are not meeting or exceeding the benchmark. If measurement was on a department basis and one was not doing well, that department would need to focus on the developmental areas in order to say that performance is good. â€Å"Overall† means an average or an overview. It’s not specific to one department but an average of all. One could fail a nd others exceed in which â€Å"overall performance† would be â€Å"average.† Chapter 6 1. Describe how an institution can ensure that its medical staff plan is realistic? List the specific steps you think would be important, and which would make a reassuring checklist when presented to physicians and to the governing board. An institution needs to measure input and output to effectively staff the facility. Input can be measured by patient arrivals and appointment requests (request for care). Output can be measured by patients treated, cost per case, quality and access. The physician organization also assists in providing excellent care by recruiting and retaining physicians necessary to provide this care. Physician supply should remain open to leave and come as the community demand raises and lowers. However, it is more effective to be strategic in planning the staffing needs. Too big leaves physicians underworked. Too small leaves physicians ­Ã‚ ­ overworked. A medical staff plan should be implemented to protect physicians  against new competitors. 2. Medical staff leadership: Why should medical staff leadership be appointed by and accountable to the governing board, as opposed to being selected entirely by the medical staff or by the executive? To avoid tax situations, the board must remain nonphysicians (pg 205). Also the board must vote for what is in the best interest of the community. If there were several physicians on the board or the medical staff or executive appointed this, it would be considered a conflict of interest because it’d be harder for the medical staff to do what’s in the best interest of the community rather than what’s in the best interest of the physicians. 3. What is the goal of communication with physicians? How is that goal attained in large organizations? The intent of the communication network is to identify potential conflicts in advance, analyze and understand them (pg 205). PITs, surveys and organizational guidelines and processes are implemented to help resolve these issues. Bylaws are also set and used to describe rights and obligations of each party. They are also used to encourage negotiations and conflict resolution (pg 206).

Team Silos and there affects on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay

Team Silos and there affects on Organizational Citizenship Behavior - Essay Example Certainly, informational flow is an essential component necessary for organizational existence. In an environment of limited flow of information, there will be an inefficiency and corporate culture will be severely compromised. Managers often spend a lot of time in ensuring that information flows freely across all departments and ensure all department functions executes collective responsibility as expected. In organizational citizen behavior, concept is a desirable phenomenon that each organization wishes to cultivate at every level of the organizations existence. It relates to how the employees perceives the company and how their interpersonal relations affect the company operations. In other words, the concept calls for collective responsibility of employees towards the organization and their continued effort to build and sustain positive organizations image. Team silo continues to impact negatively on the organizational citizens behavior. Arguably, this is a detrimental mentality that can ruin organization traditions, values and interpersonal relations among the employees. The sheer spectrum of organizational citizenship is a far-reaching in multiple positive aspects. Firstly, it ensures that the employees remain cohesive and integrate employees effort towards the desired results. Where employees create a cohesive teamwork approach in undertaking their daily duties, the company best interest is safeguarded at all times, and a positive organizational citizenship is achieved (Organ & MacKenzie 2006). Secondly, employees practices working or future approach, this means they put the life of the company a number one priority. Sadly, where silos mentality is practiced, this important forecasting is lost, and the employees get embroiled in endless strife that limits scope of the organizational achievements and the success probability greatly diminishes. Team silo refers to an organizational mentality that restricts

Securing our Borders Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Securing our Borders - Thesis Example borders with Mexico and Canada. Several sources indicated the need for greater border security through a wide range of technological, legislative, and military interventions (Meyers, 2003; Military Technology, 2010), as well as global agreements (Taylor, 2005). Despite the need of securing the borders, however, there are also calls for the consideration of ethical and human rights dimensions of border security (Arreolo, 2010). The U.S. government is also pressed to consider the rights of poor workers and people searching for an asylum to migrate to the U.S., where they can find shelter, freedom, and livelihood. In addition, some sources argued for the importance of understanding cultural geography, when finding and evaluating solutions to border issues (Arreolo, 2010). The borders are not seen as boundaries by illegal immigrants, but as opportunities for a new and better life (Hemphill, 2009; Huemer, 2010). This paper will explore the literature on the U.S. borders and border securit y. The research questions are: What are some of the strategies that the U.S. government should pursue to enhance border security? Should the government ensure that these interventions are humane and ethical? This paper will discuss existing border patrol strategies. It will also discuss recommended strategies that aim to enhance border security. ... Finally, it examines the ethical implications of border security measures and the need for international efforts for managing borders. The Honey of Illegal and Legal Immigrant Bees One of the primary goals of border security is to control immigration, particularly illegal immigration (Marek, 2007). The U.S. continues to symbolize the land of milk and honey for many people around the world, especially those from the Third World. An estimated 500 million people cross the U.S. borders every year, and this consists of people seeking for employment or business opportunities and refugees, as well as unfavorable border crossers, such as criminals and terrorists (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. prides itself as a democratic front for human rights that include the rights to travel and immigrate to other countries. The U.S., despite immigration controls, accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries combined (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2008, more than a million immigra nts became natural U.S. citizens (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2009, the U.S. granted legal immigrant status to 1.1 million immigrants (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. however, also controls the number of legal immigrants, which push some people to resort to illegal immigration methods. Illegal immigration remains as significant concern, since the U.S. cannot realistically put enough people to monitor wide borders. The U.S.-Canada border extends 5,525 miles; while the border with Mexico covers 1,989 miles long (Antal, 2010, p.54). Furthermore, the U.S. also envelops more than 95,000 miles of shoreline, thousands of airports, and 360 naval ports of entry (Antal, 2010, p.54). It is projected that almost 22,000 containers cross these naval

Employee Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Privacy - Research Paper Example It is also reasonable from an employer’s perspective to keep track of their employees if there is lack in quality of work. This research paper focuses on the current issues related to off-duty conduct and its effects on the privacy of employees. Employers have the technological means to find out, what workers do in their own time. However, the right to monitor employees’ personal conduct is limited based on the employees’ rights under law and specific rules. Under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), an employer is not supposed to conduct any kind of surveillance on employees during any gatherings off-duty1. If employees discuss about their workspace and their job related issues in union activities, it should not be made public by employers. Instead employers should keep away from social activities of employees if it is out of their interest. According to law, if an employer sends a supervisor to overhear on group discussions or private meetings then he is violating the rules set up by the NLRA. Similarly, the guidelines set by NLRA also states that Drug Testing should only be performed if any suspicious activity is recorded during working hours. NLRA states that drug testing has the potential to reveal an employee’s use of drug outside the office so it has been subjected to private litigation. The employers may face challenges on this stand because there are many employees who do-not perform their work properly. There may be several reasons behind it, including consumption of drugs before working hours. The employees may not react or let employers know that they are biased by drugs and employers many have to accept the low quality performance of employees. The Drug Testing in most of the organizations is conducted before joining of an employee or during any suspicious cases. For Example, if an applicant failed to pass the drug test in

The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base Essay

The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base - Essay Example The essay "The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base" concerns the fashion industry and the question of exploitation. At eleven for a child to be doing this instead of schooling is a most despicable thought; however we also need to look at this situation through young Mantheesh’s eyes, for her this work brings home Rs. 40 or 60p per day; much better than what she could’ve done in her native war torn Sri Lanka or in some refugee camp in India. These 60p are better than anything else that life has doled out to her so far, her only hope, and when the protest over the unfairness of child labour reaches this young child; neither does she understand the debate nor does she feel that its fair for people to take away from her the last modicum of hope that this job allows her. These are the questions that this essay will attempt to answer. Let’s start by peeping into the conditions of child labour. According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million child ren aged 5 to 17 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. In terms of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. Sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North Africa with 13.4 million, or 6 per cen. Some of the countries are India.... In terms of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. Sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North Africa with 13.4 million, or 6 per cent ( ILO, 5.1.2008). Some of the countries which are battling this issue are India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Nepal, Malawi, Kenya, Zimbabwe,( Andvig, J.C. 5.1.2009) ( IPEC, 5.1.2009) Tanzania, Ethiopia Morocco, Egypt, Brazil, Argentina. The fact that most of these countries are developing nations is where the similarity ends, on one hand we have a country like Ethiopia teetering on the brinks of a civil war and on the other we have a India touted to be the economic super power of the next generation; yet both countries haven't been able to curb the rampant flouting of child labour laws. So can we safely conclude that child labour is only a problem of developing countries Not really, even the United States has its own issue of child farm workers (AFT, 5.1.2009). In order to take a closer look at this problem, we need to first understand it. "Child labor" is, generally speaking, work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally, or by blocking access to education). BUT: There is no universally accepted definition of "child labor". Varying definitions of the term are used by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and other interest groups. Writers and speakers don't always specify what definition they are using, and that often